Review Questions On The Sba - 1478 Words

Chapter 5 Review Questions 4) The SBA is a government agency in the United States that provide support to small businesses and entrepreneurs. According to the small business administration there mission is â€Å"to maintain and strengthen the nation s economy by enabling the establishment and viability of small businesses and by assisting in the economic recovery of communities after disasters.† According to the SBA website they offer traditional loans, grants, programs and microloans through credit unions, banks and other lenders who partner with the SBA. The advantage of getting a loan, grant or other assistance through the SBA is that it is guaranteed in part by the United States government. Recently under the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act loans were enhanced to provide up to a 90% guarantee so that small businesses would have more access to capital. In addition the SBA helps small businesses have access to federal contracts that would otherwise go to larger type corporations and LLCs. 7) There are many benefits and disadvantages of the traditional structure within a corporation. The greatest benefits you get with the traditional structure of a corporation are specialization and efficiency. Within the structure there is a high level of specialization and each field of expertise or specialty is like a company within a company. Each one is pretty much charged to carry out a specific role or duty. Often times you start out at an entry-level position within theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Factors To Apply For Small Business Administration ( SBA ) Accounting?783 Words   |  4 Pagesand personal tax returns; they might also review balance sheets, income statements, cash flow projections and other financial statements. Marketplace lenders, which typically have a more streamlined application process, may require less documentation. To use your time efficiently, ask your lender which documents it will need to review. If you’re applying for Small Business Administ ration (SBA) financing, you can find a list of required documents on the SBA website. Depending on the type of financingRead MoreEssay On E-Learning1055 Words   |  5 PagesStatement The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of E-learning by management trainees in a small, fast-food restaurant. Research Questions 1. How does the amount of personal use of technology affect perceptions of E-learning? 2. How does the preferred method of training affect perceptions of E-learning? Literature Review A preliminary review of human resource development specific journals, small business specific journals, E-learning specific journals, practitioner human resource developmentRead MoreThe Challenges Of Small Businesses Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesis to analyse and study the challenges that lead to dereliction of some small businesses in Potchefstroom. The study aims to understand and find ways or improved strategies that could assist small businesses to succeed in the future. According to SBA (Cited by Anon., 2016), 30% of new businesses fail during the first two years of being open, 50% during the first five years and 66% during the first 10.This usually takes place because of common factors such as owners lacking the necessary knowledgeRead MoreSyllabus Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pageswill, through the readings, analysis, group activities and discussions in class develop your ability to think strategically. Learning Assurance Process: The learning assurance process is an SBA initiative to continuously assess and improve the quality of the SBA’s undergraduate and graduate programs. The SBA has identified a set of learning goals and objectives for its undergraduate programs (each learning goal has between 1 and 5 learning objectives). These goals will be assessed on a two-year cycleRead MoreSmall Business2016 Words   |  9 PagesChapter Seven Aida Moua Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship: Economic Rocket Fuel Review Questions 1. Review the benefits an entrepreneur might seek in starting a new business. Which benefits are most appealing to you? Why? Some benefits that are most appealing to me is having greater financial success, independence, flexibility, and challenge because with all of them combined, it’s beneficial to me and can help me gain more money easier. 2. Do you recognize any of the entrepreneurial personalityRead MoreSchool Based Assessment for Learning2801 Words   |  12 Pagescountries and almost all the examination boards have introduced school-based assessment. In fact, some countries, SBA contributes to 100% of the total assessment of the students. Typically, however, in countries such as Australia and the UK, it contributes about 50%. So, you must ask that: why have these countries and increasingly, why are other countries now following this example and introducing SBA? First of all, the reason is to improve validity. It is to ensure that we can assess the full range ofRead MorePlanning and Goal Setting3711 Words   |  15 Pagesof general merit, its sponsorship by the U.S. Small Business Administration does not necessarily constitute an endorsement of the views and opinions of the authors or the products and services of the companies with which they are affiliated. All of SBA s programs and services are extended to the public on a nondiscriminatory basis. ____________________________________________________________ __________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES 1 PREPARING FOR THE MBORead MoreSba Outline2289 Words   |  10 Pagesinstruments C H A P T E R 6 – Presenting, reporting and analysing findings C H A P T E R 7 – Putting an SBA project together C H A P T E R 8 – Review test for private candidates C H A P T E R 9 – Glossary of research terms you should know 4 5 10 14 20 24 31 39 43 50 3 CSEC_1_52_2ndpp.indd 3 5/15/09 11:39:44 PM Preface This handbook provides guidance for students doing School Based Assessment (SBA) projects in social studies, geography, principles of business and other CSEC subjects and forRead MoreQuestions On Problem Solving Interventions Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Teachers College of Western Governors University â€Æ' Table of Contents Chapter 1: Topic and Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Problem Statement 4 Purpose of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Research Questions and Hypothesis 6 Limitations of the Study 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review 7 Reading Comprehension 7 Vocabulary Instruction 9 Graphic Organizers Plans 10 Other Visual Representations 12 Student Perspective 13 Summary 14 Statement of Hypothesis and Connection to Professional Setting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MorePrecision Chem Dry s Solution Identification874 Words   |  4 Pagesof corporate finance (Lynch, 2014). These options will include both free of charge courses and payed courses and are available through such organizations as, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the U S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Alison Business Finance and Money Management International to name a few (Lynch, 2014). For the technicians, online training can range from the basics of understanding equipment use to the most complex, upselling services, which can be obtained from

The Biological Processes Of Obesity - 1527 Words

Obesity can develop when the cumulative energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, when this happens the excess is stored primarily as fat in adipose tissues. The biological processes that regulate the energy balance are highly regulated and this mechanism can be overwhelmed, because of a need to eat when not hungry, if attractive high calorie food is presented in attractive settings, and if individuals are regularly non-mobile for extended periods. The control pathways that include short-term signaling of hunger and engorgement to the central nervous system with the hormones that come from the gastrointestinal tract, long-term signaling of energy stores to the brain via leptin and insulin, as well as the control of metabolism. Rare genetic syndromes also play a role and these present in early childhood with severe obesity these include mutations in the pro-opiomelanocortin gene and deficiencies in the leptin this demonstrates that the pathways are biologically important in humans. Mo st obesity cases develop because of modern lifestyles in genetically susceptible individuals. The changes include excessive consumption of high-energy food in tandem with low levels of physical activity and that in many societies; less affluent people have a higher incidence (Lee et al 2013). Other causes of obesity that are considered include some drugs that can cause an increase in appetite and structural damage to areas of the nervous system that control appetite. Though men and women areShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic Of Children1437 Words   |  6 Pageslink to obese children The obesity epidemic holds the responsibility to annihilate many of the health benefits that have contributed to the increased durability recognised in the world today. In 2014, approximately 41 million children under 5 years of age were affected by overweight or obesity. Today, progress in extinguishing childhood obesity has been gradual and conflicting. A greater number of children are, even from before birth, on the brink to developing obesity. Children who are not yet atRead More Regulation of Food Intake in Obese People: Little Evidence for an Antiobesity Drug1155 Words   |  5 PagesRegulation of Food Intake in Obese People WHAT IS OBESITY? The most common eating disorder in our society is excessive eating which includes craving and compulsive eating which can quite often result in obesity (http://www.nutramed.com/zeno/addictive.htm#exorphins). Obesity is a body condition where a persons body mass index is greater than 30. Other diseases that can accompany or follow obesity include diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Also, obese people are at a greater riskRead MoreObesity And Methods Of Prevention1631 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Pozos Biology 100 9 December 2014 Obesity and Methods of Prevention In the United States alone, there are more than 78.6 million obese adults. Obesity is a disease that is growing rapidly and has the ability to rip families apart due to the massive destruction it causes to one’s health. Obesity is a very deadly disease and it needs to be stopped. But are there ways to prevent it and save many lives? In this essay, I will explain obesity from a biological perspective and state the different methodsRead MoreObesity As A Body Mass Index ( Bmi )1458 Words   |  6 Pagesoverweight and obesity is caused when an energy imbalance between energy consumed and calories expanded takes place. The cause for this energy imbalance is often complex, resulting from the multifactorial interactions between genetics, overeating, slow metabolism, medications, and physiological factors. Obesity can be measured in several ways; the most widely used technique is BMI. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of size based on a person’s mass and height (NHLBI, 201 5). Obesity is defined asRead MoreEssay Molecular Insights into the Hormone Insulin1680 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand its binding with its receptor and to gain chemical insight into its activities related to the production of energy. The problem of insulin resistance is also briefly explored. It is a well known fact that obesity is a growing problem in the United States; along with obesity comes a whole score of problems, mainly caused by malfunctioning insulin molecules within the body. Without insulin, the cells in our bodies slowly break down and stop functioning, since it is a hormone that has a rangeRead More1.Berenice Is 20 Years Old And A Single Parent. She Recently1306 Words   |  6 Pages Identify the life stage she is in as well as the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes that are interacting to influence her development. The life stage that Berenice is currently in is the early adulthood stage. Her obesity is interacting with her biological and cognitive processes for her development. The biological side of her obesity, is that she could have inherited it from her parent(s) and the cognitive side of her obesity could have a lot to do with the emotional stress sheRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Genetics1267 Words   |  6 Pagesample statistics of obesity in the past decades has motivated researchers to conduct more studies to find out if obesity is genetic or if it is a learned behavior. Obesity has always existed in our population, but recent studies have taken an increment to make comparative data between obesity and genetics. Moreover, studies are trying to find strategies for the prevention of weight gain to help public health and avoid the rising of obesity. As consequences, childhood obesity has developed an epidemicRead MoreMotivation and the Brain1249 Words   |  5 Pagesemotions that se rve as means of brains working. The brain oriented motivational functions and features are widely applied in theories and practice. The analysis of brain structure is discussed in the section below highlighting its chemical and biological features. The brain also performs certain functions in order to motivate and initiate a response in certain situations. The context of the situations is also relevant for the assessment of motivation. The healthy eating habits are also a functionRead MoreEssay about The Nature of Psychology1480 Words   |  6 Pagespractical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms. Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history. Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behavior and what can be determined as mental processes of the subject. The symbol for psychology is theRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In Western Countries1251 Words   |  6 Pages Obesity in Western Countries: Causes and Implications Over the past two-decades obesity has risenn at an alarming rate globally and now is reaching epidemic proportions in the western and industrialized countries†¦ USA. Obesity prevalence in the United states is among the highest globaly as its obesity rate is projected to climb from today’s 30-40% today to a shocking 70% in 20301 . In particular, childhood obesity exhibited the highest growth rate today, tripling the percentage of children over

John Keats Free Essays

Expressing how little time he has left and how he Is afraid he wont get the massive amounts of Ideas â€Å"letters of the alphabet† written down before he dies at his young age. In the second section he starts with the romantic element of the poem relating to his fiance and expresses sadness that he wont experience the full power of love and life. Towards the end of he sestets he concludes that everything he has done and will do will fall to nothingness and he will be alone no matter what. We will write a custom essay sample on John Keats or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore the sections are life, work and romance, love. Question 2 The type of affliction shown In the poem Include: The poet has a fear of dying and shows negatively towards writing about death â€Å"when I have fears that I might cease to be† he knows he Is sick with tuberculosis and that he will die at his young age and he fears he wont do and experience all he could f in a full life time. He wants to express and write as many poems as possible which en cradles slung ten metaphor AT â€Å"null plea Dodos, In contrary’ He wants to experience love and romance as much as possible with his fiance â€Å"relish in the farer power of unreflective love† he is expressing sorrow and loneness, and how he will â€Å"stand alone† and â€Å"nothingness do I sink† Question 3 The imagery used in the first line is that of a metaphor. The storehouses full grain represents books full of letters. The image of a farm with kilometers of grain to be â€Å"harvested† is all of his ideas over flowing the â€Å"storehouses†, his mind and he wants to express and put down onto paper in the short time he has left. Question 4 Keats has personified the night sky and stars as having a face â€Å"nights starred face† His inevitable demise is contrasted with the infinite starry night sky. He also personifies chance as having a magic hand, which could indicate hope that his fate is not inevitable. Question 5 How to cite John Keats, Papers

Vaccinations Successful small pox immunization

Question: write an essay onVaccinations. Answer: Introduction The term vaccine was initially coined by Louis Pasteur to facilitate the first ever successful small pox immunization done by Edward Jenner. The word vaccine is derived from the word, vacca which means cow as Jenner used the vaccinia virus (cowpox) for the prevention of smallpox infection. Generally, vaccination involves repeated exposure to antigens which cause disease under such conditions that it does not lead to the development of the disease. The main aim of the vaccine is to induce active immunity in the organism against that particular microbe so that on subsequent exposure to the same microbe, the body can call its sentry memory cells to fight off the infection and prevent disease induction. Usually, protective immunity involves neutralizing antibody secretion or memory production by cytotoxic T lymphocytes Th1 cells. In the current scenario, vaccines have been extended to facilitate immunization against fertilization and tumours. Basically, a vaccine is a suspension of a who le (inactivated or live) or fractionated viruses or bacteria that have been made non-pathogenic and given to an individual with the purpose of inducing immune response for the prevention of the disease. Properties of an ideal vaccine: It should be capable of providing long lasting immunity. Should also be able to induce both cellular (T cell mediated) and humoral (B cell mediated) immunity It should never induce hypersensitivity or autoimmunity in the administered individual Its production should be inexpensive making it easily accessible to the masses. It should be easy to store, transport and administer. It should also be safe and not cause disease in the individual. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a huge threat to public health. As per the world health organisation, an estimated 8.7 million people were infected with TB in the year 2011. The causative organism of this disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most effective and licensed vaccine against TB is Bacillus-calmette Guerin (BCG) which has been developed from mycobacterium bovis. This vaccine has a protective effect in adolescents and children against various early results of tuberculosis infection like systemic infections and meningitis. But it cannot protect against infections which become latent. Thus, it can leave the door open for TB to get reactivated. Thus the efficacy and reliability of the BCG vaccine in prevention of pulmonary diseases in adults has been under scrutiny. In this regard, other vaccine strategies have been explored such as (I) developing a more successful BCG vaccine and (II) using attenuated strains of mtb (III) using subunit vaccines which are based on recombinant mtb proteins and its design includes combination with adjuvants for eliciting a protective effect. BCG can be given anytime from the time of birth to 15 days of life. It is given along with the 0th dose of the polio vaccine which is administered orally. Usually BCG vaccine is available in an ampoule as a lyophilised powder. Buffered saline is used as a diluent to dissolve it for administration. Usually BCG vaccine stocks are stored in freezer compartments. Once prepared, it is advisable to use the vaccine within 2-3 hours and discard it after that. In India, where tuberculosis is endemic, children usually catch the germs early in their life and develop a primary complex. In younger children, around 3-5 years of age, the germ can spread leading to serious and severe forms tuberculosis affecting children like tuberculosis meningitis, military tuberculosis, disseminated tuberculosis, organ tuberculosis like urinary tract, kidney etc. Since BCG is a live vaccine, it induces a benign primary complex but the spread of infection is prevented by the previous dose of BCG immunity. Such children do not develop childhood tuberculosis, however in later stages if they get affected they will develop the disease. A second major option for developing better TB vaccines is dependent on the development of subunit vaccines. These vaccines are basically non-live or non-replicating vaccines which can be safely delivered to the human host regardless of the state of immunocompetence. Mostly, in case of TB, subunit vaccines are a combination of recombinant proteins mixed with adjuvants or attenuated viral vectors. The upcoming 10-15 years are very crucial for the development of TB vaccines. It should also be realised that these first generation vaccines are not designed for infection prevention or to eradicate TB. They just aim at delaying or inhibiting TB reactivation. Currently what is needed are better TB vaccines which can help in complete disease eradication and healthier lifestyle. Small Pox There should be no doubt that small pox has frequently changed the course of human history by countless deaths in the old as well as new world. Some of the greatest achievement in world history is the development of small pox vaccine by Edward Jenner and its global eradication. The overall mortality rate has been estimated to be around 30% and most deaths occurs during second week of illness. Small pox is generally caused by variola virus of Orthopoxvirus gene. Vaccinia induces both cellular as well as humoral immunity to individuals. Usually the NYCBOH strain is used either cultured from human embryonic lung cell culture or in African green monkey (vero) cells. This vaccines efficacy has not been checked in controlled studies though epidemiological data actually suggest that high level protection may persist till 5 years after vaccination with partial immunity surviving longer. Though there are several disadvantages to the same. Mild reactions include satellite lesion formation, muscle ache, fever, fatigue, nausea, headache rashes etc. at the site of vaccination. Individuals may also suffer from progressive vaccinia, which is defined as uncontrolled vaccine virus replication leading to a slow and progressive necrosis of the surrounding tissue. Inadvertent inoculation is another problem with smallpox vaccination. Usually occurs when the vaccinia virus gets transferred from vaccination site to other sites like mouth, eyes, nose etc.; other problems associated with vaccinia virus vaccination are eczema vaccinate, post-vaccine encephalitis, generalized vaccinia etc. The vaccinia virus Lister/Elstree strain was used during the world wide eradication of small pox. Immunogenicity of the vaccinia virus Lister has been evaluated with and without p53 human gene insert and compared to the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) which is referred to as the gold standard of recombinant vaccinia virus in clinical development. With p53 gene insert it has been observed to show better product safety. On comparison with replication competent vaccinia virus, MVA has been shown to provide similar levels of gene expression even in case of nonpermissive cells. Animal models has shown MVA to be protective and immunogenic against different kinds of infectious agent inclusive of influenza, parainfluenza, immunodeficiency viruses, plasmodium parasites, measles virus, flavivirus etc. Waning of the herd immunity is also coming into picture thanks to the small pox vaccine. Earlier when maximum number of people were vaccinated, the minor population who did not receive the vaccine did not get affected by small pox. Now, as vaccination in the population level is decreasing the level of individuals without the proper vaccination is increasing, thus widening the window for smallpox to strike again and proliferate in its human hosts. Meningitis Meningiococcal disease is a severe illness caused by a bacteria named Neisseria meningitides. Meningitis is an infection of the brain lining and the spinal cord. The disease can spread though close contact (kissing or coughing) amongst people sharing the same household. 12 typed of N. meningitides have been found of which serogroups A, B, C, W and Y are responsible for causing the maximum cases of meningiococcal disease. The vaccine acting against meningiococcal disease are referred to as meningiococcal conjugate vaccine ACWY which basically acts against A, C, W, Y serogroups and meningiococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4). Usually the side effects to the meningiococcal vaccine are mild. However, they may include mild pain and redness at injection spot accompanied by slight fever. It may also lead to a severe allergic reaction which can be identified by hoarseness, itching, hives, redness, warm skin, paleness, difficulty in swallowing etc. The immunity provided by Menomune (MPSV-4) is approximately 3 years or even less in children under 5 years of age as it does not play any role in generation of T cells. Boosters are not recommended in this vaccine as they lead to reduced antibody response. Plague pestis has the ability to overcome host defense mechanisms. Btu a safe and effective pneumonic plague vaccine has been designed (Smiley, 2008): Killed whole cell plague vaccine: this vaccine was designed in 1897 and could protect against bubonic plague. The drawback was these vaccines were highly reactogenic and could not protect against bubonic plague. These vaccines also caused significant adverse reaction especially after administration of booster doses which are required to maintain the protection (Parent, 2005). Subunit plague vaccine: this vaccine was developed in 1952 which combined capsular proteins of F1 and Y pestis. Vaccination which combines purified LcrV and F1 proteins are able to protect mice against sub cutaneous Y. pestis. This combination vaccine of F1 and LcrV have been found to be more effective than compared to either subunit alone. It is also found to protect mice against pulmonary Y. pestis. Live attenuated plague vaccine: Live attenuation of organisms provide the theoretical advantage of priming immunity against many antigens simultaneously. Thus this can be used to reduce opportunity for circumvention by weapon engineers. It has also been observed that live attenuated vaccines can also protect humans against bubonic plague. The live attenuated vaccines are derived from the virulent Y pestis which contain mutation that have occurred spontaneously using the pigmentation locus (PGM). Disadvantages are that these vaccines are quite unstable and can also display virulence in non-human primates. They may also cause debilitating fever, lymphadenopathy and malaise in humans. Some groups have recently described attenuated strains of Y. pestis which have well defined genetic modifications which may play a useful role in live vaccinations. Vaccines with mutations in pla and pgm loci have sown to safely induce humoral immunity responses in monkeys. It has also been observed that s trains with mutations in the lpxM or pcm loci can protect mice against subcutaneous challenge. YopH mutant has shown to protect mice against pulmonary as well as subcutaneous challenge (Titball Williamson, 2004). Passive immunity against plague is received by the new-born rodents from the mothers immune system. So far studies have not been able to demonstrate any appreciable bactericidal activity of the immune serum of plague and suggest that the antibody mediated defense which has been observed against plague is a reflection of the collaboration between the cellular and humoral immune response mechanisms of the host. One other possible mechanism of antibody action can be via opsonic mechanisms (opsonisation is the process by which the viral antigens are coated by certain molecules which can be easily recognised by the neutrophils and other scavengers thus neutralizing them and removing them from immune circulation). LcrV expression has been seen on the bacterial surfaces and antibodies specific to the molecule LcrV help the neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose the Y. pestis . its being speculated that contact with the bacilli Y. pestis may activate macrophage apoptosis in vivo via Yop dep endent mechanism and the antibodies to LcrV suppress macrophage apoptosis and Yop translocation. There are not many studies available which shed light on the role of T cells and acquired cellular level immunity due to the difficulties in the methodology for studying cellular immunity. Nowadays there are a number of factors suggesting a role of cytokines like IFN gamma and TNF alpha. Pre-treatment with IFN gamma and TNF alpha has shown to restrict the intracellular replication. As it is known that, cellular and humoral immunity often use complementary defense mechanisms and understanding their clear potential for energy, the next generation vaccines for encountering disease like plague should work towards being prime in both cellular and humoral immunity. References Parent MA. (2005), Cell-mediated protection against pulmonary Yersinia pestis infection. Infect Immun., 73(11), 7304-7310. Smiley, ST (2008), Immune defense against pneumonic plague, Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct; 225: 256271. Titball RW,Williamson ED.(2004), Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther., 4(6), 965-973.