Review Questions On The Sba - 1478 Words

Chapter 5 Review Questions 4) The SBA is a government agency in the United States that provide support to small businesses and entrepreneurs. According to the small business administration there mission is â€Å"to maintain and strengthen the nation s economy by enabling the establishment and viability of small businesses and by assisting in the economic recovery of communities after disasters.† According to the SBA website they offer traditional loans, grants, programs and microloans through credit unions, banks and other lenders who partner with the SBA. The advantage of getting a loan, grant or other assistance through the SBA is that it is guaranteed in part by the United States government. Recently under the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act loans were enhanced to provide up to a 90% guarantee so that small businesses would have more access to capital. In addition the SBA helps small businesses have access to federal contracts that would otherwise go to larger type corporations and LLCs. 7) There are many benefits and disadvantages of the traditional structure within a corporation. The greatest benefits you get with the traditional structure of a corporation are specialization and efficiency. Within the structure there is a high level of specialization and each field of expertise or specialty is like a company within a company. Each one is pretty much charged to carry out a specific role or duty. Often times you start out at an entry-level position within theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Factors To Apply For Small Business Administration ( SBA ) Accounting?783 Words   |  4 Pagesand personal tax returns; they might also review balance sheets, income statements, cash flow projections and other financial statements. Marketplace lenders, which typically have a more streamlined application process, may require less documentation. To use your time efficiently, ask your lender which documents it will need to review. If you’re applying for Small Business Administ ration (SBA) financing, you can find a list of required documents on the SBA website. Depending on the type of financingRead MoreEssay On E-Learning1055 Words   |  5 PagesStatement The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of E-learning by management trainees in a small, fast-food restaurant. Research Questions 1. How does the amount of personal use of technology affect perceptions of E-learning? 2. How does the preferred method of training affect perceptions of E-learning? Literature Review A preliminary review of human resource development specific journals, small business specific journals, E-learning specific journals, practitioner human resource developmentRead MoreThe Challenges Of Small Businesses Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesis to analyse and study the challenges that lead to dereliction of some small businesses in Potchefstroom. The study aims to understand and find ways or improved strategies that could assist small businesses to succeed in the future. According to SBA (Cited by Anon., 2016), 30% of new businesses fail during the first two years of being open, 50% during the first five years and 66% during the first 10.This usually takes place because of common factors such as owners lacking the necessary knowledgeRead MoreSyllabus Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pageswill, through the readings, analysis, group activities and discussions in class develop your ability to think strategically. Learning Assurance Process: The learning assurance process is an SBA initiative to continuously assess and improve the quality of the SBA’s undergraduate and graduate programs. The SBA has identified a set of learning goals and objectives for its undergraduate programs (each learning goal has between 1 and 5 learning objectives). These goals will be assessed on a two-year cycleRead MoreSmall Business2016 Words   |  9 PagesChapter Seven Aida Moua Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship: Economic Rocket Fuel Review Questions 1. Review the benefits an entrepreneur might seek in starting a new business. Which benefits are most appealing to you? Why? Some benefits that are most appealing to me is having greater financial success, independence, flexibility, and challenge because with all of them combined, it’s beneficial to me and can help me gain more money easier. 2. Do you recognize any of the entrepreneurial personalityRead MoreSchool Based Assessment for Learning2801 Words   |  12 Pagescountries and almost all the examination boards have introduced school-based assessment. In fact, some countries, SBA contributes to 100% of the total assessment of the students. Typically, however, in countries such as Australia and the UK, it contributes about 50%. So, you must ask that: why have these countries and increasingly, why are other countries now following this example and introducing SBA? First of all, the reason is to improve validity. It is to ensure that we can assess the full range ofRead MorePlanning and Goal Setting3711 Words   |  15 Pagesof general merit, its sponsorship by the U.S. Small Business Administration does not necessarily constitute an endorsement of the views and opinions of the authors or the products and services of the companies with which they are affiliated. All of SBA s programs and services are extended to the public on a nondiscriminatory basis. ____________________________________________________________ __________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES 1 PREPARING FOR THE MBORead MoreSba Outline2289 Words   |  10 Pagesinstruments C H A P T E R 6 – Presenting, reporting and analysing findings C H A P T E R 7 – Putting an SBA project together C H A P T E R 8 – Review test for private candidates C H A P T E R 9 – Glossary of research terms you should know 4 5 10 14 20 24 31 39 43 50 3 CSEC_1_52_2ndpp.indd 3 5/15/09 11:39:44 PM Preface This handbook provides guidance for students doing School Based Assessment (SBA) projects in social studies, geography, principles of business and other CSEC subjects and forRead MoreQuestions On Problem Solving Interventions Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Teachers College of Western Governors University â€Æ' Table of Contents Chapter 1: Topic and Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Problem Statement 4 Purpose of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Research Questions and Hypothesis 6 Limitations of the Study 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review 7 Reading Comprehension 7 Vocabulary Instruction 9 Graphic Organizers Plans 10 Other Visual Representations 12 Student Perspective 13 Summary 14 Statement of Hypothesis and Connection to Professional Setting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MorePrecision Chem Dry s Solution Identification874 Words   |  4 Pagesof corporate finance (Lynch, 2014). These options will include both free of charge courses and payed courses and are available through such organizations as, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the U S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Alison Business Finance and Money Management International to name a few (Lynch, 2014). For the technicians, online training can range from the basics of understanding equipment use to the most complex, upselling services, which can be obtained from

The Biological Processes Of Obesity - 1527 Words

Obesity can develop when the cumulative energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, when this happens the excess is stored primarily as fat in adipose tissues. The biological processes that regulate the energy balance are highly regulated and this mechanism can be overwhelmed, because of a need to eat when not hungry, if attractive high calorie food is presented in attractive settings, and if individuals are regularly non-mobile for extended periods. The control pathways that include short-term signaling of hunger and engorgement to the central nervous system with the hormones that come from the gastrointestinal tract, long-term signaling of energy stores to the brain via leptin and insulin, as well as the control of metabolism. Rare genetic syndromes also play a role and these present in early childhood with severe obesity these include mutations in the pro-opiomelanocortin gene and deficiencies in the leptin this demonstrates that the pathways are biologically important in humans. Mo st obesity cases develop because of modern lifestyles in genetically susceptible individuals. The changes include excessive consumption of high-energy food in tandem with low levels of physical activity and that in many societies; less affluent people have a higher incidence (Lee et al 2013). Other causes of obesity that are considered include some drugs that can cause an increase in appetite and structural damage to areas of the nervous system that control appetite. Though men and women areShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic Of Children1437 Words   |  6 Pageslink to obese children The obesity epidemic holds the responsibility to annihilate many of the health benefits that have contributed to the increased durability recognised in the world today. In 2014, approximately 41 million children under 5 years of age were affected by overweight or obesity. Today, progress in extinguishing childhood obesity has been gradual and conflicting. A greater number of children are, even from before birth, on the brink to developing obesity. Children who are not yet atRead More Regulation of Food Intake in Obese People: Little Evidence for an Antiobesity Drug1155 Words   |  5 PagesRegulation of Food Intake in Obese People WHAT IS OBESITY? The most common eating disorder in our society is excessive eating which includes craving and compulsive eating which can quite often result in obesity (http://www.nutramed.com/zeno/addictive.htm#exorphins). Obesity is a body condition where a persons body mass index is greater than 30. Other diseases that can accompany or follow obesity include diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Also, obese people are at a greater riskRead MoreObesity And Methods Of Prevention1631 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Pozos Biology 100 9 December 2014 Obesity and Methods of Prevention In the United States alone, there are more than 78.6 million obese adults. Obesity is a disease that is growing rapidly and has the ability to rip families apart due to the massive destruction it causes to one’s health. Obesity is a very deadly disease and it needs to be stopped. But are there ways to prevent it and save many lives? In this essay, I will explain obesity from a biological perspective and state the different methodsRead MoreObesity As A Body Mass Index ( Bmi )1458 Words   |  6 Pagesoverweight and obesity is caused when an energy imbalance between energy consumed and calories expanded takes place. The cause for this energy imbalance is often complex, resulting from the multifactorial interactions between genetics, overeating, slow metabolism, medications, and physiological factors. Obesity can be measured in several ways; the most widely used technique is BMI. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of size based on a person’s mass and height (NHLBI, 201 5). Obesity is defined asRead MoreEssay Molecular Insights into the Hormone Insulin1680 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand its binding with its receptor and to gain chemical insight into its activities related to the production of energy. The problem of insulin resistance is also briefly explored. It is a well known fact that obesity is a growing problem in the United States; along with obesity comes a whole score of problems, mainly caused by malfunctioning insulin molecules within the body. Without insulin, the cells in our bodies slowly break down and stop functioning, since it is a hormone that has a rangeRead More1.Berenice Is 20 Years Old And A Single Parent. She Recently1306 Words   |  6 Pages Identify the life stage she is in as well as the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes that are interacting to influence her development. The life stage that Berenice is currently in is the early adulthood stage. Her obesity is interacting with her biological and cognitive processes for her development. The biological side of her obesity, is that she could have inherited it from her parent(s) and the cognitive side of her obesity could have a lot to do with the emotional stress sheRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Genetics1267 Words   |  6 Pagesample statistics of obesity in the past decades has motivated researchers to conduct more studies to find out if obesity is genetic or if it is a learned behavior. Obesity has always existed in our population, but recent studies have taken an increment to make comparative data between obesity and genetics. Moreover, studies are trying to find strategies for the prevention of weight gain to help public health and avoid the rising of obesity. As consequences, childhood obesity has developed an epidemicRead MoreMotivation and the Brain1249 Words   |  5 Pagesemotions that se rve as means of brains working. The brain oriented motivational functions and features are widely applied in theories and practice. The analysis of brain structure is discussed in the section below highlighting its chemical and biological features. The brain also performs certain functions in order to motivate and initiate a response in certain situations. The context of the situations is also relevant for the assessment of motivation. The healthy eating habits are also a functionRead MoreEssay about The Nature of Psychology1480 Words   |  6 Pagespractical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms. Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history. Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behavior and what can be determined as mental processes of the subject. The symbol for psychology is theRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In Western Countries1251 Words   |  6 Pages Obesity in Western Countries: Causes and Implications Over the past two-decades obesity has risenn at an alarming rate globally and now is reaching epidemic proportions in the western and industrialized countries†¦ USA. Obesity prevalence in the United states is among the highest globaly as its obesity rate is projected to climb from today’s 30-40% today to a shocking 70% in 20301 . In particular, childhood obesity exhibited the highest growth rate today, tripling the percentage of children over

John Keats Free Essays

Expressing how little time he has left and how he Is afraid he wont get the massive amounts of Ideas â€Å"letters of the alphabet† written down before he dies at his young age. In the second section he starts with the romantic element of the poem relating to his fiance and expresses sadness that he wont experience the full power of love and life. Towards the end of he sestets he concludes that everything he has done and will do will fall to nothingness and he will be alone no matter what. We will write a custom essay sample on John Keats or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore the sections are life, work and romance, love. Question 2 The type of affliction shown In the poem Include: The poet has a fear of dying and shows negatively towards writing about death â€Å"when I have fears that I might cease to be† he knows he Is sick with tuberculosis and that he will die at his young age and he fears he wont do and experience all he could f in a full life time. He wants to express and write as many poems as possible which en cradles slung ten metaphor AT â€Å"null plea Dodos, In contrary’ He wants to experience love and romance as much as possible with his fiance â€Å"relish in the farer power of unreflective love† he is expressing sorrow and loneness, and how he will â€Å"stand alone† and â€Å"nothingness do I sink† Question 3 The imagery used in the first line is that of a metaphor. The storehouses full grain represents books full of letters. The image of a farm with kilometers of grain to be â€Å"harvested† is all of his ideas over flowing the â€Å"storehouses†, his mind and he wants to express and put down onto paper in the short time he has left. Question 4 Keats has personified the night sky and stars as having a face â€Å"nights starred face† His inevitable demise is contrasted with the infinite starry night sky. He also personifies chance as having a magic hand, which could indicate hope that his fate is not inevitable. Question 5 How to cite John Keats, Papers

Vaccinations Successful small pox immunization

Question: write an essay onVaccinations. Answer: Introduction The term vaccine was initially coined by Louis Pasteur to facilitate the first ever successful small pox immunization done by Edward Jenner. The word vaccine is derived from the word, vacca which means cow as Jenner used the vaccinia virus (cowpox) for the prevention of smallpox infection. Generally, vaccination involves repeated exposure to antigens which cause disease under such conditions that it does not lead to the development of the disease. The main aim of the vaccine is to induce active immunity in the organism against that particular microbe so that on subsequent exposure to the same microbe, the body can call its sentry memory cells to fight off the infection and prevent disease induction. Usually, protective immunity involves neutralizing antibody secretion or memory production by cytotoxic T lymphocytes Th1 cells. In the current scenario, vaccines have been extended to facilitate immunization against fertilization and tumours. Basically, a vaccine is a suspension of a who le (inactivated or live) or fractionated viruses or bacteria that have been made non-pathogenic and given to an individual with the purpose of inducing immune response for the prevention of the disease. Properties of an ideal vaccine: It should be capable of providing long lasting immunity. Should also be able to induce both cellular (T cell mediated) and humoral (B cell mediated) immunity It should never induce hypersensitivity or autoimmunity in the administered individual Its production should be inexpensive making it easily accessible to the masses. It should be easy to store, transport and administer. It should also be safe and not cause disease in the individual. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a huge threat to public health. As per the world health organisation, an estimated 8.7 million people were infected with TB in the year 2011. The causative organism of this disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most effective and licensed vaccine against TB is Bacillus-calmette Guerin (BCG) which has been developed from mycobacterium bovis. This vaccine has a protective effect in adolescents and children against various early results of tuberculosis infection like systemic infections and meningitis. But it cannot protect against infections which become latent. Thus, it can leave the door open for TB to get reactivated. Thus the efficacy and reliability of the BCG vaccine in prevention of pulmonary diseases in adults has been under scrutiny. In this regard, other vaccine strategies have been explored such as (I) developing a more successful BCG vaccine and (II) using attenuated strains of mtb (III) using subunit vaccines which are based on recombinant mtb proteins and its design includes combination with adjuvants for eliciting a protective effect. BCG can be given anytime from the time of birth to 15 days of life. It is given along with the 0th dose of the polio vaccine which is administered orally. Usually BCG vaccine is available in an ampoule as a lyophilised powder. Buffered saline is used as a diluent to dissolve it for administration. Usually BCG vaccine stocks are stored in freezer compartments. Once prepared, it is advisable to use the vaccine within 2-3 hours and discard it after that. In India, where tuberculosis is endemic, children usually catch the germs early in their life and develop a primary complex. In younger children, around 3-5 years of age, the germ can spread leading to serious and severe forms tuberculosis affecting children like tuberculosis meningitis, military tuberculosis, disseminated tuberculosis, organ tuberculosis like urinary tract, kidney etc. Since BCG is a live vaccine, it induces a benign primary complex but the spread of infection is prevented by the previous dose of BCG immunity. Such children do not develop childhood tuberculosis, however in later stages if they get affected they will develop the disease. A second major option for developing better TB vaccines is dependent on the development of subunit vaccines. These vaccines are basically non-live or non-replicating vaccines which can be safely delivered to the human host regardless of the state of immunocompetence. Mostly, in case of TB, subunit vaccines are a combination of recombinant proteins mixed with adjuvants or attenuated viral vectors. The upcoming 10-15 years are very crucial for the development of TB vaccines. It should also be realised that these first generation vaccines are not designed for infection prevention or to eradicate TB. They just aim at delaying or inhibiting TB reactivation. Currently what is needed are better TB vaccines which can help in complete disease eradication and healthier lifestyle. Small Pox There should be no doubt that small pox has frequently changed the course of human history by countless deaths in the old as well as new world. Some of the greatest achievement in world history is the development of small pox vaccine by Edward Jenner and its global eradication. The overall mortality rate has been estimated to be around 30% and most deaths occurs during second week of illness. Small pox is generally caused by variola virus of Orthopoxvirus gene. Vaccinia induces both cellular as well as humoral immunity to individuals. Usually the NYCBOH strain is used either cultured from human embryonic lung cell culture or in African green monkey (vero) cells. This vaccines efficacy has not been checked in controlled studies though epidemiological data actually suggest that high level protection may persist till 5 years after vaccination with partial immunity surviving longer. Though there are several disadvantages to the same. Mild reactions include satellite lesion formation, muscle ache, fever, fatigue, nausea, headache rashes etc. at the site of vaccination. Individuals may also suffer from progressive vaccinia, which is defined as uncontrolled vaccine virus replication leading to a slow and progressive necrosis of the surrounding tissue. Inadvertent inoculation is another problem with smallpox vaccination. Usually occurs when the vaccinia virus gets transferred from vaccination site to other sites like mouth, eyes, nose etc.; other problems associated with vaccinia virus vaccination are eczema vaccinate, post-vaccine encephalitis, generalized vaccinia etc. The vaccinia virus Lister/Elstree strain was used during the world wide eradication of small pox. Immunogenicity of the vaccinia virus Lister has been evaluated with and without p53 human gene insert and compared to the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) which is referred to as the gold standard of recombinant vaccinia virus in clinical development. With p53 gene insert it has been observed to show better product safety. On comparison with replication competent vaccinia virus, MVA has been shown to provide similar levels of gene expression even in case of nonpermissive cells. Animal models has shown MVA to be protective and immunogenic against different kinds of infectious agent inclusive of influenza, parainfluenza, immunodeficiency viruses, plasmodium parasites, measles virus, flavivirus etc. Waning of the herd immunity is also coming into picture thanks to the small pox vaccine. Earlier when maximum number of people were vaccinated, the minor population who did not receive the vaccine did not get affected by small pox. Now, as vaccination in the population level is decreasing the level of individuals without the proper vaccination is increasing, thus widening the window for smallpox to strike again and proliferate in its human hosts. Meningitis Meningiococcal disease is a severe illness caused by a bacteria named Neisseria meningitides. Meningitis is an infection of the brain lining and the spinal cord. The disease can spread though close contact (kissing or coughing) amongst people sharing the same household. 12 typed of N. meningitides have been found of which serogroups A, B, C, W and Y are responsible for causing the maximum cases of meningiococcal disease. The vaccine acting against meningiococcal disease are referred to as meningiococcal conjugate vaccine ACWY which basically acts against A, C, W, Y serogroups and meningiococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4). Usually the side effects to the meningiococcal vaccine are mild. However, they may include mild pain and redness at injection spot accompanied by slight fever. It may also lead to a severe allergic reaction which can be identified by hoarseness, itching, hives, redness, warm skin, paleness, difficulty in swallowing etc. The immunity provided by Menomune (MPSV-4) is approximately 3 years or even less in children under 5 years of age as it does not play any role in generation of T cells. Boosters are not recommended in this vaccine as they lead to reduced antibody response. Plague pestis has the ability to overcome host defense mechanisms. Btu a safe and effective pneumonic plague vaccine has been designed (Smiley, 2008): Killed whole cell plague vaccine: this vaccine was designed in 1897 and could protect against bubonic plague. The drawback was these vaccines were highly reactogenic and could not protect against bubonic plague. These vaccines also caused significant adverse reaction especially after administration of booster doses which are required to maintain the protection (Parent, 2005). Subunit plague vaccine: this vaccine was developed in 1952 which combined capsular proteins of F1 and Y pestis. Vaccination which combines purified LcrV and F1 proteins are able to protect mice against sub cutaneous Y. pestis. This combination vaccine of F1 and LcrV have been found to be more effective than compared to either subunit alone. It is also found to protect mice against pulmonary Y. pestis. Live attenuated plague vaccine: Live attenuation of organisms provide the theoretical advantage of priming immunity against many antigens simultaneously. Thus this can be used to reduce opportunity for circumvention by weapon engineers. It has also been observed that live attenuated vaccines can also protect humans against bubonic plague. The live attenuated vaccines are derived from the virulent Y pestis which contain mutation that have occurred spontaneously using the pigmentation locus (PGM). Disadvantages are that these vaccines are quite unstable and can also display virulence in non-human primates. They may also cause debilitating fever, lymphadenopathy and malaise in humans. Some groups have recently described attenuated strains of Y. pestis which have well defined genetic modifications which may play a useful role in live vaccinations. Vaccines with mutations in pla and pgm loci have sown to safely induce humoral immunity responses in monkeys. It has also been observed that s trains with mutations in the lpxM or pcm loci can protect mice against subcutaneous challenge. YopH mutant has shown to protect mice against pulmonary as well as subcutaneous challenge (Titball Williamson, 2004). Passive immunity against plague is received by the new-born rodents from the mothers immune system. So far studies have not been able to demonstrate any appreciable bactericidal activity of the immune serum of plague and suggest that the antibody mediated defense which has been observed against plague is a reflection of the collaboration between the cellular and humoral immune response mechanisms of the host. One other possible mechanism of antibody action can be via opsonic mechanisms (opsonisation is the process by which the viral antigens are coated by certain molecules which can be easily recognised by the neutrophils and other scavengers thus neutralizing them and removing them from immune circulation). LcrV expression has been seen on the bacterial surfaces and antibodies specific to the molecule LcrV help the neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose the Y. pestis . its being speculated that contact with the bacilli Y. pestis may activate macrophage apoptosis in vivo via Yop dep endent mechanism and the antibodies to LcrV suppress macrophage apoptosis and Yop translocation. There are not many studies available which shed light on the role of T cells and acquired cellular level immunity due to the difficulties in the methodology for studying cellular immunity. Nowadays there are a number of factors suggesting a role of cytokines like IFN gamma and TNF alpha. Pre-treatment with IFN gamma and TNF alpha has shown to restrict the intracellular replication. As it is known that, cellular and humoral immunity often use complementary defense mechanisms and understanding their clear potential for energy, the next generation vaccines for encountering disease like plague should work towards being prime in both cellular and humoral immunity. References Parent MA. (2005), Cell-mediated protection against pulmonary Yersinia pestis infection. Infect Immun., 73(11), 7304-7310. Smiley, ST (2008), Immune defense against pneumonic plague, Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct; 225: 256271. Titball RW,Williamson ED.(2004), Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther., 4(6), 965-973.

Ethical Lens Inventory Essay Sample free essay sample

When I am utilizing the Ethical Lens Inventory it helps me visualise who I am as a individual and seting my actions and ends on a piece helps me follow them something like guide lines. For an illustration I use the lineation of my relationship repute lens and nucleus value shows that I am sensible decider when it comes to a determination that will profit me and others such as the community. I am ever doing certain everyone in the group has their input on determinations particularly when it’s group coaction or something. One thing I truly value is the people that have accomplished trueness and being consistent between my circles of life. Peoples say I have a batch of bravery and I stay calm when state of affairss emerge because I am ever be aftering things whether it’s on paper or even in my caput. In other words it is merely best to remain off from problem because it will happen you and cipher likes negativeness. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Lens Inventory Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My blind topographic point is me swearing a consistent procedure because when making something if I am distracted I will set it down and make something else which ever turns out to a hapless result. My strength decidedly has to be being ambitious cause I took clip and thought out carefully what is right in all given state of affairss. But so once more being excessively ambitious can do you to handle people in an inappropriate mode. One Failing can be if one individual was to non develop any societal accomplishments or merely non able to concentrate will perchance do you to go stray from others.

Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System

Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System Introduction The human civilization has from ancient times acknowledged the fact that the children are the future of the present civilization. Our modern era also believes in this ideology. This being the case, our society has always strived to ensure that children and the youth are given the best opportunity to excel.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, despite all the good intention of the society, there are still a number of children and youth who continue to be on the wrong side of the law. Cole and Smith note that this increase in juvenile deliquescence is as a result of social, economic and other factors prevalent in this era (13). Policy makes have taken care to ensure that these troubled children are not left behind in the quest for a brighter future for all the children. Measures have been taken to ensure that the trou bled children who are charged with offences are afforded a chance to rectify their mistakes and become respectable citizens through rehabilitation programs. This has been through the implementation of juvenile justice systems which have been characterized by their correctional as opposed to punishment role. Despite the presence of a functional juvenile justice system in the country, there has been a marked increase in crime rates among children and youths. As a result of this rising rates of crime amongst youths, policy makers have pushed for the increased transfer of juvenile offenders to criminal courts for adult prosecution. This is a move that is hailed by some as being the best manner to reduce juvenile crimes and therefore safeguard the society’s peace. However, there are opponents to these waivers who suggest that such moves result in the reduction in chances of rehabilitation for the juvenile offenders. This paper argues that juveniles should not be waived to adult co urts unless they commit heinous crimes such as murder. To reinforce this assertion, this study will perform a critical analysis of the various arguments presented both for and against transferring juveniles to adult courts. A brief overview of the juvenile court system will also be offered to act as a background for the paper. Juvenile justice system The Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century led to a mushrooming of urban settlements and the number of children living in cities rapidly increased (Sims and Preston 46). Juvenile delinquency became an issue in many cities and the welfare of the urban children became a primary concern. The introduction of a separate system of justice for children borrowed heavily from the ideas proposed by the 18th Century English lawyer, William Blackstone (Yeckel 331).Advertising Looking for term paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Blackstone aimed at categoriz ing people based on their ages and thus drawing a line between the age where one could be held accountable for their actions and an age where one was absolved from any crime committed. To a large extent, the earlier advocates of juvenile systems considered themselves to be on a humanitarian mission championing the rights of the children. The major difference between the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system was that juvenile courts aimed to rehabilitate rather than punish. Core to the courts principles was the mission to help troubled children. This benevolent nature of the system led to an informal and non adversarial approach that was not entangled in the procedural rules and formalities that characterized the criminal court systems. Sim and Preston assert that this open nature was all in line with the ultimate goal of the courts which was to guide the young offender towards life as a responsible and law-abiding adult (48). The lack of well defined procedures mea nt that the juvenile court could take extra-legal factors in deciding on how to handle a case. The primary argument by the proponents of automatic judicial waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction is as a result of the increased juvenile crime and violence. While it is true that juvenile crimes are markedly higher that they were in the previous decades, the same can be said about adult crimes. Allard and Young assert that there is no evidence that young people have become disproportionately more crime prone or dangerous at that than the rest of the population (8). Arguably, the alleged increase in juvenile crime is simply a function of population growth which is not only natural but to be expected. Allard and Young go on to demonstrate that the juvenile arrests for serious violent crimes have remained fairly average over the last 30 years (7). The underlying philosophy behind transferring juveniles to the criminal justice system is that more severe punishment even if at the expense of rehabilitation will result in reduced crime rates and therefore increase the public safety. However, studies indicate that juvenile offenders in the adult system are more likely to re-offend or commit more serious subsequent offenses than those who remain in the juvenile system (Allard Young 4). Youths and young offenders should not be prosecuted through the criminal justice system unless they commit major crimes such as murder. Instead they should be prosecuted through the juvenile justice system.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is attributed to the fact that juvenile courts are predisposed to have the best interest of the children or youths in consideration and offer some form of defense and rehabilitation for the children in juvenile facilities. As such, the underlying goal of the juvenile system is to guide the young offe nder towards life as a responsible and law-abiding adult (Sim and Preston 56). The arguments on juveniles raised by policy markers in the late 1800s resulted in a consensus that juveniles were developmentally inferior compared to adults and as such, juveniles would no longer be held criminally responsible for their actions (Feld 19; Bakken 14). However, while this attribute of benevolence is hailed by many proponents of the juvenile system, these benign actions have resulted in the lack of accountability for their actions by the youths. Waivers can offset this condition since as Feld comments: The rehabilitative ideal has minimized the significance of the offenses as a dispositional criterion. The emphasis on the best interests of the child has weakened the connection between what a person does and the consequences of that act on the theory that the act is at best only symptomatic of real needs. (Bakken 13). This argument suggests that the treatment of youths in the juvenile system does not lead to the offender feeling accountable for his/her crimes therefore resulting in a lack of liability. This is as opposed to the adult system in which one is held accountable for their crimes and made to pay for them to the maximum extent permissible by the law. In addition, proponents of the waiver to prosecute the youth in the criminal justice system assert that one of the goals for transferring juvenile offenders to the adult criminal courts is to deter them from taking part in criminal activities in future. However, a research carried out by Donna Bishop in 1996 to highlight the differences in outcomes of juvenile courts compared to the criminal courts on youths showed that juvenile offenders who were transferred to the adult courts received more severe sentences than their counterparts in the juvenile system. In addition to this, the findings showed that the transferred youth had higher re-arrest rates (54%) compared with 32% for the youths dealt with by the juvenile courts ( Rosenheim 87).Advertising Looking for term paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In light of such findings, advocates of the juvenile court systems argue that the taking up of waiving as a means to reduce future crimes is a faulty policy. While the juvenile system may not be flawless, these findings demonstrate that the system has not altogether failed and should therefore be experimented with further. To further reinforce this argument, Watt, Howells and Delfabbro use Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to explain why individuals commit crimes (150). In this theory, Freud believes that all humans have underlying desires. As such, it is only through socialization that these urges can be controlled. Therefore, a person with poor social skills develops a personality disorder which forces him/her to exhibit antisocial tendencies. Those that bring out these tendencies become criminals while those who suppress them become neurotics. This theory is therefore a proponent to the fact that criminals are social misfits trying to compensate for their weaknesses. B earing this in mind, taking young offenders through the criminal justice system does not help them change but instead, makes them more antisocial thereby increasing their chances of committing more serious offences. As Fisher reiterates, the acts of violence exhibited by youths and young offenders are triggered by their need to empower themselves in a society that constantly undermines them (109). Therefore, the solution should not be prosecuting them but rather, to find solutions to factors that lead them into committing crime. To further support his argument as a proponent of youth prosecutions in the criminal justice system, Bakken states that juveniles are capable of hideous crimes as was demonstrated in the Kent v. United States case. A 16 year old, Morris A. Kent was charged with breaking into a womans apartment, robbing her and raping her (6). The juvenile court system is evidently not equipped to deal with such kind of violent crimes as its sentencing does not include life i mprisonment or even the death penalty. Bakken acknowledges that it is cases such as this that make juvenile transfer not only desirable but necessary so as to enable the offender to be tried on criminal charges (7). The waiving system presents a mode through which these malicious offenders can be kept away from the society therefore preserving social harmony. Without waivers, crimes such as those committed by Kent would only be punished marginally and the offender would be free to rejoin the society after only a few years of incarceration. However, Watt, Howells and Delfabbro disagree with this argument by using the interactionist theory of crime causation which asserts that an individual’s interaction with criminals may psychologically influence him/her to commit crime (147). The theory proposes that the chances of an individual committing crime as a result of peer pressure are significantly high. According to Fisher, constant interactions with criminals play a central role in the development of criminal behaviors (105). The author states that from these associations, individuals are influenced into committing crime and becoming notorious criminals. This theory proposes that a petty offender can become a hardcore criminal through the association with criminals. It assumes that from such interactions, an individual learns how to think, act and react to different situations like a criminal. As such, imprisoning young offenders may invariably make them worse than they were before getting into the system. To this regard, Watt Howells Delfabbro propose a more positive approach whereby young petty offenders are enrolled in the juvenile justice system where there are positive reinforcement programs that may help them change their behaviors (143). However, Gaines and Miller argue that criminal convictions carry with them a certain stigma as a person is marked as a felon for the rest of their lives (62). The authors suggest that this stigmatization by the soci ety is in fact healthy as it also adds to the deterrence factor since people do not want to be viewed as social misfits. The juvenile court system is structured in such a way that these long-term consequences to the offender are not present. In as much as this statement holds true, adult conviction also results in some socioeconomic consequences such as the person being compelled to report their conviction on job application or being barred from particular types of jobs. These factors have serious psychological effects on an individual. For example, no matter how much an individual is trying to change his/her ways, the criminal records and the social limitations associated with them will never go away. As such, these realities often foster feelings of frustration and other antisocial tendencies. These are key factors that may lead an individual into causing crime as a means of acting-out. These bleak realities further support the statement that youth offenders should not be go throu gh the criminal justice system and that other alternatives should be found. The rationale behind the establishment of the juvenile system was to protect the interests of the children who were deemed as being less liable than adults since they were morally and emotionally less developed (Rosenheim 91). This almost paternal view is the main difference between juvenile courts and criminal courts whereby the juvenile courts emphasis on the best interests of the violators. By indiscriminately waiving juvenile offenders to the adult court system, the criminal justice system will have failed in its initial goal which was to protect the interest of young offenders and hopefully rehabilitate them into useful members of the society. However, it can be argued that the juvenile system was established in an era when the capability and emotional intelligence of the youth developed at a fairly slower pace. In the modern era, children are exposed to all kinds of information which result in greater understanding. As such, the laws should be amended to accommodate these new realities. Conclusion This study set out to argue that juveniles should not be waived to adult courts. To underscore this point, the paper has performed a brief overview of the juvenile system in America as well as an in-depth analysis of the arguments forwarded both for and against waivers. However, this paper has clearly demonstrated that there are other means through with juvenile criminality can be tackled. Considering the risk that waivers could results in the conversion of juvenile offenders into hardcore criminals, the evidence in this paper suggests that more intervention-based measures should be implemented to ensure that young offenders do not get into the criminal justice system unless they commit heinous crimes. Allard, Patricia and Malcolm Young. Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court: Perspectives for Policymakers and Practitioners, 2002. Web. njjn.org/ Bakken, Nicholas. (2007). You do the Crime , You do the Time: A Socio-Legal History of the Juvenile Court and Transfer Waivers, 2002. Web. Burrow, John. (2005). Punishing Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Case Study of Michigans Prosecutorial Waiver Status, 2002. Web. https://jjlp.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/vol-9-no-1/01_Burrow.pdf Cole, George and Cristopher Smith. The American System of Criminal Justice. New York : Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Fisher, Bonnie. â€Å"Crime Prevention.† Journal of Security Education 2.1 (2006): 103 – 111. Print. Gaines, Larry and Roger Miller. Criminal Justice in Action. New York: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Rosenheim, Margaret. A Century of Juvenile Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Print. Sims, Barbara and Pamela Preston. Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice. California: CRC Press, 2006. Print. Watt, Bruce, Kevin Howells and Paul Delfabbro. (2004). â€Å"Juvenile Recidivism: Criminal Propensity, Social Control and Social Learning Theories.† Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 11.1 (2004): 141 – 153. Print. Yeckel, Josef. â€Å"Violent Juvenile Offenders: Rethinking Federal Intervention in Juvenile Justice.† Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 51 (1997): 331. Print.

Faith beliefs, or symbols, or myths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Faith beliefs, or symbols, or myths - Essay Example He urges for such an attitude built upon the grounds of faith, effective for a common catholic so that he can built and enhance his faith on the pillars of human spirit which breaks boundaries, advances knowledge and expands horizons. He argues that a positive approach is leaded by the faith, automatically enforced when instructs itself out of the past and not in disregard of history, culture or tradition. According to Tillich Paul, "Faith is not simply the will to believe. It is a cognitive affirmation of the transcendent nature of ultimate reality. This is achieved, not simply by a process of intellectual inquiry, but by an act of acceptance and surrender". The experience in Theology has been affected by the influence of Modernism, which created a distrust regarding the experience in Theology, distrust created by a spectrum of psychological and social events turnover continued to narrow at the turn of the century. It was due to this turn that created a huge gap between Catholicism and Buddhism. This development of widening bridge can be seen as a result of changes in certain perceptional aspects like historical, social, scientific, and cultural expressions of experience. These aspects created unique influences along with experiences that turned Buddhism towards catholic theologies to some extent. What were behind those theologies that the lack of strong pan-Buddhist national organizations simply reflected the current stage of development in Buddhism. Catholicism was present in the colonial period, only developed strong national institutions over the course of the nineteenth century. But Buddhists may forego the development of comparabl e national organizations; the current decentralization could become a permanent condition. This approach to the dharma may be strength rather than a weakness. It has so far meant that Buddhism is characterized by variety and complexity at a time when the nation's ideals are increasingly being recast in terms of multiplicity and autonomy at the local and regional levels. In each theology, there is a faith, which is theoretical and practical, with the latter trying to understand the devotional and mystical writings. The theological approach traditionally rested on a given faith position, but during the last two centuries, has adopted a more liberal stance with a freer interpretation of scripture and a much greater interest in religions other than Christianity. But revelation in its various forms - free inquiry, truth claims - continues to be a subject of debate. An impact on theological methodology has been made by the rise of Religious Studies, which considers religion in general, and each religion in particular uses the various approaches. The evolution of faith starts from where uncertainty ends. The difference between faith and doubt is the difference between uncertainty and certainty. To be certain is to be sure, to believe in something by accepting all the facts, all the realities, whereas to be uncertain is a skeptical condition, which creates chaos within a person. A chaos that leads a person towards the threshold of confusion and distortion. Dermot Lane analyzes the situation and the loopholes of the Christian Theology being percepted by the Catholics, so he invites them to deepen their thoughts and analyze their beliefs as to how and what

Human Resource Management Practices Marks and Spencer Case Study

Human Resource Management Practices Marks and Spencer - Case Study Example In other words, HR management is a necessary tool for corporate restructuring. However, its use should be made very carefully trying to take into account the firm’s strengths as well as its potentials for the future. On the other hand, in the case that HR professionals are called in order to propose specific plans of HR restructuring, then they should have a series of competencies which fall in the next categories: In order to evaluate the role of human resources management in the improvement of the firm’s performance, we should ‘test’ the practices followed by organizations within a particular industrial sector. In most cases these practices present similarities, however, there could be elements of the operational strategy with significant differentiation among the participants/ companies. For this reason, any relevant comparison should take into consideration the particular characteristics of each specific organization trying to ensure the protection of the persons involved (i.e. publication of data only in cases where it is strictly permitted by the law). The issue of the effectiveness of HRM practices followed in specific companies has been the study of many researchers throughout the years. In the particular case, Marks and Spencer have been a company with a long history in the British retail sector. The company which was found in 1884 operates currently worldwide with about 515 stores and several franchises. The current paper examines particularly the issue of application of â€Å"best practice/high commitment† model of HRM presented by Marchington & Wilkinson (2002, 179). The application of the particular model is examined in combination with other HR – related issues trying to identify the strengths and the weaknesses of the above model as well as the potential choices available to the company in a case that the above model does not produce the required result. In order for this research to be conducted more accurately a company of the UK market, Marks and Spencer have been used as an example.  Ã‚  

Turkey make people sleepy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turkey make people sleepy - Essay Example According to my personal experience to this matter; eating a lot of turkey makes me tired and consequently, I resort to taking a nap. Mary Ann’s theory questions if the thanks giving feast sleepiness and tiredness aspect could explain this lethargy. The friend of mine - Martin, who is visiting my town for summer holidays, and who had earlier admitted to this myth had even warned us that â€Å"if you serve a lot of turkey in any party or dinner, you are definitely going to fall asleep in front of your companions†. Everyone else thinks that my reason on this matter is misplaced as it is logical that eating a lot of any meal can make one sluggish and tired, but to some extent, I think that one can be surer of getting tired after eating turkey than with other meals – even after moderate consumption of turkey. In a more professional context on this matter, the story has been reasoned out by the fact that turkey contains tryptophan and amino acid contents that tend to make people tired and sleepy. However, this has also contributed to a controversy as other animals’ products and meat contains some level of these substances as well. â€Å"This is based on a little right information, but just misapplies and misunderstood†, this is what Fiona Martinez – a professor of molecular nutrition from Minnesota University had to say. Turkey traditionally has been regarded as the main meal in the thanksgiving ceremonies. Funnily, it has been observed that after these ceremonies, people tend to get tired and sleepy. This fact has made a lot of people to actually conclude that the contents of turkey are the primary reason that leads to these conditions. Therefore, many people believe in the myth that eating turkey makes people sleepy. However, in the holiday or festive seasons where a lot of people take turkey, these seasons have also been characterize by the intake of other food substances such as lots of dessert and drinks that contain al cohol are equally usually consumed during these seasons. This has also raised more hypotheses as far as this myth is concerned. A lot of individuals have claimed that it is the dessert and the alcoholic drinks taken after consuming turkey that leads to this feeling of laziness and tiredness. Otherwise, a majority of people still believe in the myth that turkey contains a natural sedative that induces sleepiness. Part II The myth around turkey has been investigated by various scholars and researchers and they have come out with different conclusions as regards to the matter. Turkey in real sense does not make people sleepy. What scientists have concluded to be the cause of this myth is the L-tryptophan which is an essential amino acid (Hirshkowitz, Max & Patricia Pg 105). Being an essential amino acid, it means that a human body cannot produce or synthesize it. Therefore, the diet we take must supply our bodies with the essential amino acid. Amino acids are the blocks that build prot eins. One of the foods rich in tryptophan is turkey. Besides, tryptophan is also found in other animal products especially poultry. When it enters the body, it is utilized in making a vitamin B which is called niacin and is essential for ensuring smooth digestion as well as in the synthesis of serotonin. Serotonin on the other side is a brain hormone or chemical which plays a major role in the regulation

A Brand For Each Brand Position Strategy Marketing Essay

A Brand For Each Brand Position Strategy Marketing Essay The  brand position  or  brand positioning  is how the brand is perceived in the context of competitive alternatives. As brand consultants, when we develop brand positioning statement for clients, we include a target customer definition, brand essence, brand promise, brand archetype and brand personality, giving the  intended  brand position/positioning (as opposed to the actual brand position in the mind of the customer) greater depth. Brand Positioning Basics Positioning is something (perception) that happens in the minds of the target market. It is the aggregate perception the market has of a particular company, product or service in relation to their perceptions of the competitors in the same category. It will happen whether or not a companys management is proactive, reactive or passive about the on-going process of evolving a position. But a company can positively influence the perceptions through enlightened strategic actions. In marketing, positioning has come to mean the process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand, or organization. It is the relative competitive comparison their product occupies in a given market as perceived by the target market. Re-positioning involves changing the identity of a product, relative to the identity of competing products, in the collective minds of the target market. De-positioning involves attempting to change the identity of competing products, relative to the identity of your own product, in the collective minds of the target market. The Process of Brand Positioning Generally, the product positioning process involves: Defining the market in which the product or brand will compete (who the relevant buyers are) Identifying the attributes (also called dimensions) that define the product space Collecting information from a sample of customers about their perceptions of each product on the relevant attributes Position. The process is similar for positioning your companys services. Services, however, dont have the physical attributes of products that is, we cant feel them or touch them or show nice product pictures. So you need to ask first your customers and then yourself, what value do clients get from my services? How are they better off from doing business with me? Also ask: is there a characteristic that makes my services different? Write out the value customers derive and the attributes your services offer to create the first draft of your positioning. Test it on people who dont really know what you do or what you sell, watch their facial expressions and listen for their response. When they want to know more because youve piqued their interest and started a conversation, youll know youre on the right track. 1) Lifestyle Louis Vuitton Brand Value: up 2% to $19.78 billion The most valuable luxury brand for the past five years, Louis Vuitton  continued to position itself as timeless and authentic. Its focus on its heritage as a travel brand helped it to retain its core customer-the jet setter. The brand increased prices, invested in creativity and heightened the focus on quality rather than compromising its brand value it is a high class brand for the super rich lifestyle. 2) Price Leadership LOreals Noisome brand face cream is sold in upscale beauty shops, whereas its Plenitude brand is available for one-sixth the price in discount stores-even though both are based on the same chemical formula this show the price leadership of LOreal as it is selling products of same formula at higher price at one place and lower at other place. 3) Attributes Iphone Iphone attributes are to provide the best user experience to its users. This smartphone has a faster processor because it has the custom A5 chip, which is the one that users will find on the iPad 2. Consequently the iPhone 4S is faster in processing speeds, downloads, and games. Another benefit it that the iPhone 4S is compatible with CDMA and GSM cellular bands therefore it can be used in more places around the world. Apple features the new Assistant, which has turned the iPhone 4S into a voice recognizing personal assistant. It is very useful to the blind and for hands-free texting, among other tasks. The iPhone 4S comes with a new camera with 8MP with easy editing features such as crop, rotate, enhance, and red-eye reduction. It also features a backside illumination sensor and a bigger aperture, which provides better low-light and The iPhone 4S comes with a new camera with 8MP with easy editing features such as crop, rotate, enhance, and red-eye reduction. It also features a backside illumination sensor and a bigger aperture, which provides better low-light and white balance correction. It also features face detection and image stabilization besides the capability to capture hd. 4) Product class BMW Z4 It is sports convertible car for speed lovers who want something different from Their car. While the brand says its buying audience is very different to its communications audience, it aims to target the 25-44 year old age bracket as part of its strategy to target a younger and broader market. The premium car brand is hosting a virtual vs. reality racing initiative at BMW World today (5 September) offering fans the chance to race F1 driver David Coulthard. 5) COMPETITION PEPSI Pepsi positions itself on points of difference as well as points of parity. Pepsis POD is their forward thinking attitude. I dont believe any of the other cola brands (including Coke) are very strong in that area. This falls into image differentiation. Pepsi has the image of being action oriented and I think that a large part of their target audience associate themselves with the brand because of that image. Pepsi also considers themselves the bold, refreshing, robust cola which Coke and other colas could also claim. These points of parity are product differentiations. 6) Occasion Wrigleys gum Wrigleys gum is an alternative at times when smoking is not permitted. Wrigleys Nicogum would be positioned as Herbal cure and not a drug-based one. To create a distinct image in the mind of the target market Wrigleys will have to educate consumers about the advantages of herbal treatment over a drug-based one. The benefits are, Herbs are provided in natural forms and are not addictive but acts  asa powerful nutritional supplement. Herbs provide physical and  mental well-being andare known to possess tremendous healing properties. Herbs are preferred source of  health care for 80% of the world. It reduces the need of smoking for avid smokers. 7) User Levis Dockers Levis Dockers are targeted primarily to men in there 20s to 40s as people need variety of cloths to wear in the office and college at a reasonable rate which can be purchased frequently and new things add up in the wardrobes. Dockers focused a lot on placing their product creating an authentic in store concept shop for the mens department to create a friendly and accessible environment and make the trial as easy as possible.   The communication strategy at the beginning of Dockers was based on their timelessness, sociability, high quality (wit the references to the Levis) and a classic, not high-fashioned way to wear.   8) Quality Toyota The Toyota name has earned a reputation for quality and integrity, as well as a commitment to responsible management and environmental practices. Ethical behavior extends beyond legal requirements. It means honesty, equity, social responsibility and integrity in everything we say or do.

Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust: A Learned Behavior Essay -- Essays

Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust: A Learned Behavior When thinking of Jewish persecution, images of Nazi Germany, concentration camps, and the Holocaust are most likely to be conjured. Although these images do represent the attempted destruction of the Jews, persecution actually began thousands of years earlier. The Holocaust, or Final Solution, which was the destruction of European Jews by the Nazis, was the culmination of attempts by other groups to eradicate Jews from their society.1 Reacting in many different ways to persecution, the Jewish sect has undergone years of harsh treatment, climaxing during the Holocaust. Jewish persecution did not begin in Europe with the onset of World War II; rather, anti-Semitism had existed for the past several thousand years. The rise and eventual domination of Christianity resulted in the persecution of the Jews starting in fourth-century Rome and lasting through the Middle Ages, when huge numbers of Jews were massacred during Christian crusades.2 Also, during the Middle Ages, the Christian Church attempted to convert Jews to Christianity. This policy was put into affect in order to ensure that "Christians were ‘protected’ from the ‘harmful’ consequences of intercourse with Jews by rigid laws against intermarriage, by prohibitions of discussions about religious issues, by laws against domicile in common abodes†¦by burning the Talmud and by barring Jews from public office."3 The second anti-Jewish policy in history is known as expulsion, or the attempt by European countries to force the emigration of Jews during the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries. Jews were no longer being required to convert to Christianity because Christians then thought that "Jews could not be changed, ... ... 13. Dawidowicz, 342-43. 14. Hilberg, 16. 15. Hilberg, 17. 16. Hilberg, 664. 17. Hilberg, 665. 18. Hilberg, 666-67. 19. Dawidowicz, 344. 20. Dawidowicz, 347. 21. Hilberg, 3-4. Bibliography - "Anti-Semitism" Encarta Concise Encyclopedia. http:encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/5b105b6f000.htm (26 October 1998). - Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against The Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975. - Haines, Grove C. and Ross J. S. Hoffman, The Origins and Background of the Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1943. - Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1961. - Rubenstein, Richard L. and John K. Roth. Approaches to Auschwitz. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1987.